Cyclohexyl derivatives as selective estrogen receptor modulators

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to novel cyclohexyl derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment of disorders and diseases mediated by an estrogen receptor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel cyclohexyl derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment or prevention of disorders and diseases mediated by an estrogen receptor such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteopenia, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, loss of cognitive function, degenerative brain diseases, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, hormone sensitive cancers and hyperplasia (in tissues including breast, endometrium, and cervix in women and prostate in men), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, osteoarthritis; and as contraceptive agents either alone or in combination with a progestogen or progestogen antagonist. The compounds of the invention are selective estrogen receptor modulators.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Estrogens are a group of female hormones essential for the reproductive process and for the development of the uterus, breasts, and other physical changes associated with puberty. Estrogens have an effect on various tissues throughout a woman's body, not only those involved in the reproductive process, such as the uterus, breasts, and external genitalia, but also tissues in the central nervous system, bones, the liver, skin, and the urinary tract. The ovaries produce most of the estrogens in women's body.

Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses due to loss of ovarian follicular function and the almost termination of estrogen production. The midlife transition of menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen that provokes both short-term and long-term symptoms with the vasomotor, urogenital, cardiovascular, skeletal and central nervous systems, such as hot flushes, urogenital atrophy, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, cognitive and psychological impairment, including an increased risk of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Seventy-five percent of all women experience some occurrence of vasomotor symptoms associated with the onset of menopause such as body sweating and hot flushes. These complaints may begin several years before menopause and in some women may continue for more than 10 years either relatively constant, or as instant attacks without a definable, provoking cause.

Urogenital symptoms associated with the onset of menopause involving the vagina include a sensation of dryness, burning, itching, pain during intercourse, superficial bleeding and discharge, along with atrophy, stenosis. Symptoms involving the urinary tract include a burning sensation during urination, frequent urgency, recurrent urinary tract infections, and urinary incontinence. These symptoms have been reported to occur in up to 50% of all women near the time of menopause and are more frequent a few years after menopause. If left un-treated, the problems can become permanent.

Heart attack and stroke are major causes of morbidity and mortality among senior women. Female morbidity from these diseases increases rapidly after menopause. Women who undergo premature menopause are at greater coronary risk than menstruating women of similar age. The presence of serum estrogen has a positive effect on serum lipids. The hormone promotes vasodilation of blood vessels, and enhances the formation of new blood vessels. Thus the decrease in serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women results in adverse cardiovascular effect. Additionally, it is theorized that differences in the ability of blood to coagulate may account for the observed difference in the occurrence of heart disease before and after menopause.

The skeleton is under a continuous process of bone degeneration and regeneration in a carefully regulated interaction among the bone cells. These cells are directly affected by estrogen. Estrogen deficiency results in a loss of bone structure, and decrease of bone strength. Rapid loss of bone mass during the year immediately following menopause leads postmenopausal osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture.

Estrogen deficiency is also one of the causes for the degenerative changes in the central nervous system and may lead to Alzheimer's disease and decline of cognition. Recent evidence suggests an association between estrogen, menopause, and cognition. More particularly, it has been reported that estrogen replacement therapy and the use of estrogen in women may prevent the development of AD, and improve cognitive function.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)—more specifically estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)—is commonly prescribed to address the medical problems associated with menopause, and also to help hinder osteoporosis and primary cardiovascular complications (such as coronary artery disease) in both a preventive and therapeutical manner. As such, HRT is considered a medical therapy for prolonging the average life span of postmenopausal women and providing a better quality of life.

ERT effectively relieves the climacteric symptoms and urogenital symptoms and has shown significant benefits in the prevention and treatment of heart disease in postmenopausal women. Clinical reports have shown that ERT lowered heart attack rates and mortality rates in populations that received ERT versus similar populations not on ERT. ERT initiated soon after menopause may also help maintain bone mass for several years. Controlled investigations have shown that treatment with ERT has a positive effect even in older women up to age of 75 years.

However, there are numerous undesirable effects associated with ERT that reduce patient compliance. Venous thromboembolism, gallbladder disease, resumption of menses, mastodynia, and a possible increased risk of developing uterine and/or breast cancer are the risks associated with ERT. Up to 30% of women who were prescribed with ERT do not fill the prescription, and the discontinuation rate is between 38% and 70%, with safety concerns, and adverse effects (bloating and break-through bleeding) the most important reasons for discontinuation.

A new class of pharmacological agents known as Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators or SERMs have been designed and developed as alternatives for HRT. Raloxifene, a nonsteroidal benzothiophere SERM is marketed in the US and Europe for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis under the trademark of Evista®. Raloxifene has been shown to reduce bone loss and prevent fracture without adversely stimulating endometrial and mammary tissue, though raloxifene is somewhat less efficacious than ERT for protecting against bone loss. Raloxifene is unique and differs significantly from ERT in that it does not stimulate the endometrium and has the potential for preventing breast cancer. Raloxifene has also demonstrated beneficial estrogen agonist effects on cardiovascular risk factors, more specifically through a rapid and sustained decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients treated with raloxifene. In addition, raloxifene has been shown to reduce plasma concentration of homocysteine, an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and thromboembolic disease.

However, raloxifene has been reported to exacerbate symptoms associated with menopause such as hot flushes and vaginal dryness, and does not improve cognitive function in senior patients. Patients taking raloxifene have reported higher rates of hot flashes compared with either placebo or ERT users and more leg cramps than placebo users, although women who took ERT had a higher incidence of vaginal bleeding and breast discomfort than raloxifene or placebo users.

As yet, neither raloxifene nor any of the other currently available SERM compounds has been shown to have the ability to provide all the benefits of currently available ERT such as controlling postmenopausal syndrome and preventing AD, without causing adverse side effects such as increasing risk of endometrial and breast cancer and bleeding. Thus there exists a need for compounds which are selective estrogen receptor modulators and which provide all of the benefits of ERT while also addressing the vasomotor, urogenital and cognitive disorders or conditions associated with the decrease in systemic estrogen associated with menopause.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a compound of the general formula (I)

wherein

represents a single or a double bond;

R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxy substituted alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy substituted alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonyl, heterocycloalkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl-alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl;

R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group;

R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, alkyl, hydroxy substituted alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy substituted alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonyl, heterocycloalkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl-alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl;

alternatively R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a five to eight membered saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4;

wherein R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkoxy; alternatively R^(C) and R^(D) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound to form an oxo group;

alternatively still, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a heteroatom containing saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 3;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

is selected from the group consisting of aryl, aralkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy;

is selected from the group consisting of aryl, aralkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy;

provided that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen, and

are the same and selected from the group consisting of phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one to two selected from alkoxy, then R¹ is other than hydroxy substituted lower alkyl or alkoxycarbonyl;

provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen or lower alkyl,

is phenyl, then R¹ is selected from the group consisting of NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl;

provided further that when

is a single bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, and

are the same and are phenyl, then R¹ is other than lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl;

provided further that when

is a single bond, R¹ is lower alkyl, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and

is other than benzimidazolyl;

provided further that when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form cyclohexyl or 3-hydroxyphenyl and

is 4-hydroxyphenyl, then

is other than 4-(NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy)-phenyl, wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl or R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form piperidinyl;

provided further than when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form

then

are not the same and phenyl;

provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a five membered saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein R^(C) is selected from hydroxy or alkoxy, then

are other than phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one or more independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention is further directed to compounds of formula (II)

wherein

X is selected from the group consisting C(O) and CH₂;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(aralkyl)-Q-(alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B);

Q is selected from the group consisting of O and S;

R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group;

is selected from the group consisting of aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention is further directed to a compound of formula (III)

represents a single or a double bond;

X is selected from the group consisting of C(O) and CH₂;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(aralkyl)-Q-(alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B);

Q is selected from the group consisting of O and S;

R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention is further directed to a compound selected from the group consisting of 3-(4-benzyloxy-benzyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-cyclohex-2-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester 4-{4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compounds described above. An illustration of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Illustrating the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Exemplifying the invention are methods of treating a disorder mediated by one or more estrogen receptors in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.

Illustrating the invention is a method of contraception comprising administering to a subject in need thereof co-therapy with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) with a progestogen or progestogen antagonist.

Another example of the invention is the use of any of the compounds described herein in the preparation of a medicament for treating: (a) hot flashes, (b) vaginal dryness, (c) osteopenia, (d) osteoporosis, (e) hyperlipidemia, (f) loss of cognitive function, (g) a degenerative brain disorder, (h) cardiovascular disease, (i) cerebrovascular disease (j) breast cancer, (k) endometrial cancer, (l) cervical cancer, (m) prostate cancer, (n) benign prostatic hyperplasia, (o) endometriosis, (p) uterine fibroids, (q) osteoarthritis and for (r) contraception in a subject in need thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds of formula (I), (II) and (III)

wherein

R¹, R^(1a), R², R³,

, X, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and

are as herein defined. The compounds of the present invention are modulators of an estrogen receptor, useful for the treatment and prevention of disorders associated with estrogen depletion, including, but not limited to hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteopenia, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, loss of cognitive function, degenerative brain diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases); for the treatment of hormone sensitive cancers and hyperplasia (in tissues including breast, endometrium, and cervix in women and prostate in men); for the treatment and prevention of endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and osteoarthritis; and as contraceptive agents either alone or in combination with a progestogen or progestogen antagonist.

In an embodiment of the present invention

is a single bond. In another embodiment of the present invention

is a double bond.

In an embodiment of the present invention R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl. Preferably R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl, phenyl-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl. Preferably, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy-propyn-2-yl, 1-hydroxy-n-propyl, methoxymethyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylcarbonylmethyl, dimethylamino-ethoxy-methyl, morpholinyl-ethoxy-methyl, morpholinylcarbonyl and diethylaminocarbonyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or a five to six membered heterocycloalkyl group. Preferably, R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form morpholinyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl, phenyl-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl. Preferably, R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, methyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxycarbonyl, methoxymethyl, methylcarbonylmethyl and dimethylamino-ethoxy-methyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention R¹ and R² are taken together with the atom to which they are bound to form a saturated ring structure of the formula;

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4.

In another embodiment of the present invention R¹ and R² are taken together with the atom to which they are bound to form a heteroatom containing saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 2.

Preferably, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atom to which they are bound to form a ring structure selected from the group consisting of 3-hydroxy-3-ethynyl-cyclopentyl, 3-hydroxy-cyclopentyl, 3-oxo-cyclopentyl, 3-hydroxy-cyclohexyl, 3-oxo-cyclohexyl, 3-oxo-cyclooctyl and dihydro-fur-4-yl; wherein the R¹+R² ring is bound to the core structure through the 1,2-positions, numbering clockwise.

In an embodiment of the present invention R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkynyl and lower alkoxy; alternatively R^(C) and R^(D) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound to form an oxo group. In another embodiment of the present invention, R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy and lower alkynyl; alternatively R^(C) and R^(D) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound to form an oxo group.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl. Preferably, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and ethyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy. In another embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy and aralkyloxy. Preferably,

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl and 4-benzyloxy-phenyl.

In another embodiment of the present invention,

is aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from hydroxy or lower alkoxy. Preferably

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl and 4-methoxyphenyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention

is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy. In another embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy. Preferably,

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminoethoxy-phenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-benzyl-phenyl and 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-phenyl.

In another embodiment of the present invention,

is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from lower alkoxy. Preferably,

is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 4-methoxyphenyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, X is selected from the group consisting C(O) and CH₂. Preferably, X is C(O).

In an embodiment of the present invention, R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention, R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl. Preferably, R⁴ is ethyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl. Preferably, R⁵ is methyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(benzyl)-Q-(lower alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B). In another embodiment of the present invention, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(benzyl)-O-(lower alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B). Preferably, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of 4-(dimethylamino-ethoxy)-benzyl, 4-(morpholinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl, 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl and 4-(pyrrolidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention, Q is selected from the group consisting of O and S. Preferably, Q is O.

In an embodiment of the present invention, R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or a five to six membered heterocycloalkyl group. In another embodiment of the present invention, wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or five to six membered heterocycloalkyl group. Preferably, R^(A) and R^(B) are each methyl or are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a morpholinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl group.

In an embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of aryl, aralkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substitutents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy. In another embodiment of the present invention,

is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy. Preferably,

is selected from the group consisting of 4-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl and 5-indolyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention is a compound selected from the group consisting of 3-(4-benzyloxy-benzyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-cyclohex-2-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester and 4-{4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) selected from group as listed in Table 1. In yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) selected from group as listed in Table 2. In yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) selected from group as listed in Table 3.

In an embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (II) selected from group as listed in Table 4. In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (III) selected from group as listed in Table 5.

Representative compounds of the present invention are as listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Unless otherwise noted, in the Tables below, in the column headed with the symbol

the notation 2 shall indicate a double bond, whereas the notation 1, shall indicate a single bond. TABLE 1

ID No  R^(1a)  R¹  R²  R³  

 

1 methyl hydroxy- H H 4-hydroxy 4-hydroxy-phenyl methyl phenyl 2 H dimethyl- hydroxy H 4-hydroxy phenyl amino- methyl phenyl ethoxy- methyl 3 methyl hydroxy- H H 4-hydroxy 4-dimethylamino- methyl phenyl ethyloxy-phenyl 4 H hydroxy- methyl ethyl 4-hydroxy 4-methoxy-phenyl methyl phenyl 5 H methoxy- hydroxy 4- phenyl methyl methyl benzyloxy phenyl 6 methyl hydroxy- H H 4-hydroxy 4-dimethylamino- methyl phenyl ethyloxy-phenyl 7 methyl hydroxy- H H 4-hydroxy 4-hydroxy-phenyl methyl phenyl

TABLE 2

ID No  R^(1a)  R¹  R²  R³  

 

 8 H methoxymethyl methoxymethyl H 4-benzyloxy- phenyl phenyl  9 H methylcarbonyl methylcarbonyl H 4-benzyloxy- phenyl methyl methyl phenyl 10 H morpholinyl- carbonyl H phenyl phenyl carbonyl 11 H diethylamino- methoxy- H phenyl phenyl carbonyl carbonyl 12 methyl 1-hydroxy-n- H H 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- propyl phenyl phenyl 13 H hydroxymethyl hydroxymethyl H 4-benzyloxy- H phenyl 14 H morpholinyl- methoxy- H phenyl phenyl carbonyl carbonyl 15 H dimethylamino- hydroxymethyl H 4-hydroxy- phenyl ethoxy-methyl phenyl 16 H hydroxymethyl dimethylamino- H 4-hydroxy- phenyl ethoxy-methyl phenyl 17 methyl —CH(OH)—CCH H H 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- phenyl phenyl 18 H hydroxymethyl hydroxymethyl H phenyl phenyl (*) 19 H morpholinyl hydroxymethyl H 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- ethoxymethyl phenyl phenyl 20 H hydroxymethyl methyl ethyl 4-methoxy- 4-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl 21 H methoxymethyl hydroxymethyl H 4-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl 22 H methoxy- methoxy- H phenyl phenyl carbonyl carbonyl 23 H hydroxymethyl H H phenyl phenyl 24 H methyl methyl H 4-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl 25 methyl hydroxymethyl H H 4-hydroxy- H phenyl 26 H hydroxymethyl hydroxymethyl H 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- phenyl phenyl 27 methyl hydroxymethyl H H 4-hydroxy- 4-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl 28 H dimethylamino- hydroxymethyl H 4-benzyloxy- phenyl ethoxy-methyl phenyl 29 methyl hydroxymethyl H H 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- phenyl phenyl 30 methyl hydroxymethyl H H 4-methoxy- 4-hydroxy-3- phenyl benzyl-phenyl 31 H methyl methyl H 4-benzyloxy- phenyl phenyl 32 H hydroxymethyl hydroxymethyl H 4-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl 33 H hydroxymethyl hydroxymethyl H phenyl phenyl (#) 34 H hydroxymethyl methyl H phenyl phenyl 35 H diethylamino- carboxy H phenyl phenyl carbonyl 36 methyl hydroxymethyl methyl H phenyl phenyl 75 H hydroxymethyl methyl ethyl 4-hydroxy- 4-(piperidinyl- phenyl ethoxy)- phenyl (*) Indicates that the R¹ and R² groups are in a cis orientation relative to each other; (#) Indicates that the R¹ and R² groups are in a trans orientation relative to each other.

TABLE 3

ID No  

 R^(1a)  

 

 

48 2 H 3-hydroxy-3- 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- (##) ethynyl-cyclopentyl phenyl phenyl 49 2 H 3-hydroxy- 4-methoxy- H cyclopentyl phenyl 50 2 methyl 3-hydroxy- 4-methoxy- H cyclopentyl phenyl 51 2 H 3-oxo-cyclopentyl H 4-hydroxy- phenyl 52 2 H dihydrofur-4-yl phenyl phenyl 53 2 H 3-oxo-cyclooctyl phenyl phenyl 54 2 H 3-oxo-cyclopentyl 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- phenyl phenyl 55 2 H 3-hydroxy- phenyl H cyclopentyl 56 2 H 3-oxo-cyclohexyl phenyl phenyl 57 2 H 3-hydroxy- 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- (##) cyclopentyl phenyl phenyl 58 2 H 3-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl (##) cyclohexyl 59 2 H 3-hydroxy-3- 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- (**) ethynyl-cyclopentyl phenyl phenyl 60 2 H 3-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl (**) cyclohexyl 61 2 H 3-hydroxy- 4-methoxy- 4-methoxy- (**) cyclopentyl phenyl phenyl 62 2 methyl 3-oxo-cyclopentyl 4-hydroxy- H phenyl 63 1 H 3-hydroxy- phenyl phenyl cyclohexyl 64 2 H 3-oxo-cyclopentyl 4-hydroxy- H phenyl 65 1 H 3-hydroxy- 4-hydroxy- hydroxy cyclopentyl phenyl 66 2 H 3-hydroxy- 4-hydroxy- H cyclopentyl phenyl 67 2 H 3-oxo-cyclopentyl phenyl phenyl (**) Indicates that in the substituent group wherein R¹ and R² are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound to form a ring structure, the relative stereochemistry between the carbon atoms numbered 2 and 3 is cis. (##) Indicates that in the substituent group wherein R¹ and R² are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound to form a ring structure, the relative stereochemistry between the carbon atoms numbered 2 and 3 is trans.

TABLE 4

ID No R⁶

37 4-(dimethylamino-ethoxy)-benzyl 5-indolyl 38 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 4-hydroxy phenyl 39 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 4-methoxy phenyl 40 4-(dimethylamino-n-propoxy)-benzyl 5-indolyl 41 4-(morpholinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 5-indolyl 42 4-(pyrrolidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 4-hydroxy phenyl 43 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 5-indolyl 44 4-(dimethylamino-ethoxy)-benzyl 4-hydroxy phenyl 45 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 4-fluoro phenyl 47 4-(pyrrolidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 5-indolyl

TABLE 5

ID No

R⁶ 68 1 4-(morpholinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 69 1 4-(dimethylamino-ethoxy)-benzyl 70 1 4-(pyrrolidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 71 2 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl 72 1 4-(dimethylamino-n-propoxy)-benzyl

Additional compounds of the present invention, prepared as intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III), include:

wherein the compound #74, the hydroxymethyl, methyl and piperidinyl-ethoxy-benzyl substituents on the cyclohexene core are all in the cis conformation.

As used herein, “halogen” shall mean chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, include straight and branched chains, preferably, a chain containing one to eight carbon atoms. For example, alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and the like. Unless otherwise noted, “lower” when used with alkyl means a carbon chain composition of 1-4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “alkenyl” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, shall include straight and branched chains containing at least one unsaturated double bond. For example, vinyl, propenyl or allyl, butenyl, buten-2-yl, buten-3-yl, 2-methyl-buten-2-yl, and the like. Preferably, the alkenyl group containing two to eight carbon atoms. Unless otherwise noted, “lower” when used with alkenyl means a carbon chain composition of 2-4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “alkynyl” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, shall include straight and branched chains containing at least one unsaturated triple bond. For example, ethynyl, propynyl, butyn-2-yl, and the like. Preferably, the alkynyl group containing two to eight carbon atoms. Unless otherwise noted, “lower” when used with alkynyl means a carbon chain composition of 2-4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “alkoxy” shall denote an oxygen ether radical of the above described straight or branched chain alkyl groups. For example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy and the like. Unless otherwise noted, “lower” when used with alkoxy means an alkoxy group comprising 1-4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “aryl” shall refer to unsubstituted carbocylic aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “aralkyl” shall mean any lower alkyl group substituted with an aryl group such as phenyl, naphthyl and the like. For example, benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, naphthylmethyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “aralkyloxy” shall mean an aralkyl-O— group, wherein the aralkyl is as defined above and wherein the aralkyloxy group is bound through the O atom. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to benzyloxy, phenyl-ethoxy, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “cycloalkyl” shall mean any stable 3-8 membered monocyclic, saturated ring system, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “heteroaryl” shall denote any five or six membered monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine or ten membered bicyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The heteroaryl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.

Examples of suitable heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, purazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, furazanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl” shall denote any five to seven membered monocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine to ten membered saturated, partially unsaturated or partially aromatic bicyclic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The heterocycloalkyl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.

Examples of suitable heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxalanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, trithianyl, indolinyl, chromenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrofuryl, and the like. Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups include dihydrofuryl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.

When a particular group is “substituted” (e.g., Ph, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl), that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to five substituents, more preferably from one to three substituents, most preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.

With reference to substituents, the term “independently” means that when more than one of such substituents is possible, such substituents may be the same or different from each other.

Unless otherwise noted, when naming the substituent group wherein R¹ and R² are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound to form a ring structure, said substituent group—the rightmost ring structure of the bicyclic structure of compounds of formula (Iaa) or (Iab)

shall be named such that the bridging carbon atoms are numbered 1 and 2 and any R^(C) and/or R^(D) substituents are bound at the carbon atom numbered 3. Remaining carbon and/or oxygen atoms within the substituent group wherein R¹ and R² are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound to form a ring structure, will be numbered in order, counting clockwise.

Under standard nomenclature used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described first, followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. Thus, for example, a

“phenylC₁-C₆alkylaminocarbonylC₁-C₆alkyl” substituent refers to a group of the formula

Abbreviations used in the specification, particularly the Schemes and Examples, are as follows: Bu₃SnH = Tributyl Tin Hydride DCM = Dichloromethane DIBAL-H = Diisobutyl aluminum hydride DIPEA = Di-isopropylethylamine DMEM = Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Gibco) DMF = N,N-Dimethylformamide DMSO = Dimethylsulfoxide DTT = Dithiothreitol Et₂O = Diethyl Ether EtOH = Ethanol HEPES = 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-Piperizine Ethane Sulfonic Acid HPLC = High Pressure Liquid Chromatography KHMDS = Potassium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide KOtBu = Potassium t-butoxide LAH = Lithium aluminum hydride LDA = Lithium diisopropylamide LHMDS = Lithium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide MeOH = Methanol nBuLi = n-Butyl lithium NMR = Nuclear Magnetic Resonance PBS = Phosphate Buffered Saline Pd(dppf)Cl₂ = dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)-ferrocene] palladium (II) Pd₂Cl₂(PPh₃)₂ = Palladium Bis(triphenylphosphine)chloride Pd(PPh₃)₄ = tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium (0) TBS = t-Butyldimethylsilane TBSCl = t-Butyldimethylchlorosilane tBuOH = t-butanol TEA = Triethylamine THF = Tetrahydrofuran TIPS = Triisopropylsilane CORRECT??? TLC = Thin Layer Chromatography TMSCl = Trimethylsilyl chloride TsCl = Tosyl chloride

The term “subject” as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated. Wherein the present invention directed to co-therapy comprising administration of one or more compound(s) of formula (I), compound(s) of formula (II) and/or compound(s) of formula (III) and a progestogen or progestogen antagonist, “therapeutically effective amount” shall mean that amount of the combination of agents taken together so that the combined effect elicits the desired biological or medicinal response. For example, the therapeutically effective amount of co-therapy comprising administration of a compound of formula (I) and progestogen would be the amount of the compound of formula (I) and the amount of the progestogen that when taken together or sequentially have a combined effect that is therapeutically effective. Further, it will be recognized by one skilled in the art that in the case of co-therapy with a therapeutically effective amount, as in the example above, the amount of the compound of formula (I) and/or the amount of the progestogen or progestogen antagonist individually may or may not be therapeutically effective.

As used herein, the term “co-therapy” shall mean treatment of a subject in need thereof by administering one or more compounds of formula (I), compounds of formula (II) and/or compounds of formula (III) with a progestogen or progestogen antagonist, wherein the compound(s) of formula (I), compound(s) of formula (II), or compound(s) of formula (III) and the progestogen or progestogen antagonist are administered by any suitable means, simultaneously, sequentially, separately or in a single pharmaceutical formulation. Where the compound(s) of formula (I), compound(s) of formula (II), compound(s) of formula (III) and the progestogen or progestogen antagonist are administered in separate dosage forms, the number of dosages administered per day for each compound may be the same or different. The compound(s) of formula (I), compound(s) of formula (II), compound(s) of formula (III) and the progestogen or progestogen antagonist may be administered via the same or different routes of administration. Examples of suitable methods of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), transdermal, and rectal. Compounds may also be administered directly to the nervous system including, but not limited to, intracerebral, intraventricular, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intraspinal and/or peri-spinal routes of administration by delivery via intracranial or intravertebral needles and/or catheters with or without pump devices. The compound(s) of formula I, compound(s) of formula (II), compound(s) of formula (III) and the progestogen or progestogen antagonist may be administered according to simultaneous or alternating regimens, at the same or different times during the course of the therapy, concurrently in divided or single forms.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

As used herein, the term “disease or disorder modulated by an estrogen receptor” shall mean any disease or disorder which is mediated by the estrogen α, any disease or disorder which is mediated by the estrogen β receptor or any disease or disorder which is mediated by both the estrogen α and estrogen β receptors. For example, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteopenia, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, loss of cognitive function, a degenerative brain disorder, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease breast cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, osteoarthritis and contraception.

As used herein, the term “degenerative brain disease” shall include cognitive disorder, dementia, regardless of underlying cause and Alzheimer's disease.

As used herein, the term “cardiovascular disease” shall include elevated blood lipid levels, coronary arthrosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

As used herein, the term “cerebrovascular disease” shall include abnormal regional cerebral blood flow and ischemic brain damage.

Compounds of formula (I) wherein R¹ and R² are not taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring structure and wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy-methyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-methyl may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 1.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (IV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), wherein Y is hydrogen, lower alkyl (such as methyl, ethyl) or lower alkoxy (such as methoxy, ethoxy), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a Lewis acid such as BF₃.Etherate, tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, magnesium bromide, and the like, preferably at a temperature in the range of about −78 to about 0° C., in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, acetonitrile, toluene, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI).

The compound of formula (VI) is reduced by reacting with a suitable reducing agents such as LAH, BH₃, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, DiBAL-H, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ia).

The compound of formula (Ia) is optionally further reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a strong base such as NaH, LiHMDS, NaHMDS, n-butyl lithium, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ib).

Compounds of formula (I) wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxy substituted alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy substituted alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonyl, heterocycloalkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl-alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl may be prepared by reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (VI) wherein Y is H or a lower alkyl by reacting the compound of formula (VI) wherein Y is H or lower alkyl with a suitably substituted nucleophile, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like.

One skilled in the art will recognize that compounds of formula (I) wherein R³ is alkyl may be similarly according to the process described in Scheme 1 above, by substituting a suitably substituted compound of formula (IVa)

for the compound of formula (IV).

Compounds of formula (I) wherein R³ is alkyl may be optionally may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 2.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (XX), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reduced with a suitable reducing agent such as hydrogen gas, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd on carbon, in an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXI).

The compound of formula (XXI) is reacted with a reducing agent such as LAH, DiBAL-H, borane or source of borane, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXII).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the reduction of the double bond, carbonyl and ester groups on the compound of formula (XX) may alternatively be completed in any order and/or in one or more steps, according to known methods other than those described herein, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXII).

The compound of formula (XXII) is reacted with a suitable protecting group reagent, according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIII), wherein PG² is the corresponding protecting group such as TBS, TIPS, and the like. For example, the compound of formula (XXII) may be reacted with TBSCI in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIII), wherein PG² is TBS.

The compound of formula (XXIII) is oxidized according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIV). For example, the compound of formula (XXIII) may be subjected to Swern oxidation by reacting with (COCl)₂ in DMSO in the presence of TEA, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIV).

The compound of formula (XXIV) Is reacted suitably substituted compound of formula (XXV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein W¹ is Br or Cl, in an anhydrous organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXVI).

The compound of formula (XXVI) is subjected to dehydration by reacting with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXVII).

The compound of formula (XXVII) is reacted in a two step process, first with borane or a source of borane such as BH₃.S(CH3)₂, Catecol borane, 9-BBN, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, diethyl ether, and the like; and then reacted with peroxide in the presence of a base such as NaOH, LiOH, KOH, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF/water mixture, ethanol, methanol, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXVI II).

The compound of formula (XXVIII) is oxidized according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIX). For example, the compound of formula (XXVIII) may be subjected to Swern oxidation by reacting with (COCl)₂ in DMSO in the presence of TEA, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXIX).

The compound of formula (XXIX) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XXX), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein W² is Br or Cl, in an anhydrous organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XXXI).

The compound of formula (XXXI) is subjected to dehydration by reacting with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like, to yield a mixture of the compound of formula (XXXII) and the compound of formula (Ie).

Preferably, the mixture of the compound of formula (XXXII) and the compound of formula (Ie) is separated, according to known methods, to isolate the compound of formula (Ie).

Compounds of formula (I) wherein R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a five to eight membered saturated ring structure, wherein the saturated ring structure does not contain a heteroatom selected from O, N or S, may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 3.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (IV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VIII), wherein the n is an integer from 1 to 4 a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a Lewis acid such as BF.Etherate, tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, magnesium bromide, and the like, preferably at a temperature in the range of about −78 to about 0° C., in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, acetonitrile, toluene, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ic).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the carbonyl on the compound of formula (Ic) may be optionally, further reacted with a suitably substituted nucleophile. For example, the compound of formula (Ic) may be reacted with with a vinyl magnesium chloride or with vinyl magnesium bromide, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Id)

Compounds of formula (I) wherein R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to a group of the formula

may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 4.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (IX), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted according to known methods (or example the compound of formula (IX) is reacted with mesityl chloride or tosyl chloride, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA<pyridine, and the like), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (X), wherein L² is a suitable leaving group such as mesyl, tosyl, and the like.

The compound of formula (X) is subjected to ring closure by reacting with a base such as K₂CO₃, NaOH, NaOCH₃, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI).

One skilled in the art will recognize that compounds of formula (I) wherein

is a single bond may be prepared by reducing the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein

is a double bond, by known methods, for example by reacting with hydrogen gas, in the presence of a catalyst such as 10% palladium on carbon, platinum, and the like, wherein the hydrogen gas is added at a pressure in the range of about 5 to about 50 psi, preferably about 30 psi, in an organic solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, and the like.

Compounds of formula (III) wherein R⁴ is hydrogen and

is a double bond may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 5.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (L) (wherein the C₁₋₄alkyl is preferably ethyl) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (LI), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), wherein X is chloro, iodo or bromo, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as potassium-t-butoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium t-butoxide and the like, in an organic solvent such as t-butanol, ethanol, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IIIa).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the compound of formula (IIIa) may further optionally be reduced by known methods, for example with hydrogen gas, in the presence of a catalyst such as 10% palladium on carbon, platinum, and the like, wherein the hydrogen gas is added at a pressure in the range of about 5 to about 50 psi, preferably about 30 psi, in an organic solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IIIb)

a compound of formula (III) wherein

is a single bond.

One skilled in the art will further recognize that the compound of formula (IIIa) or the compound of formula (IIIb) may be optionally further reacted, according to known methods (for example with a strong base such as NaOH, LiOH, and the like, in a solvent mixture such as THF/water, ethanol/water, and the like) to convert the ester portion (i.e. the —C(O)—O—(C₁₋₄alkyl) portion) to the corresponding carboxy group (i.e. —C(O)OH group).

Compounds of formula (II) may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 6.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (IIIc), wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl, a compound prepared according to any of the processes described above, is reacted with a suitable activating reagent, such as triflic anhydride, N-phenyltrifluoromethane sulfonamide, N,N-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amino-5-chloro-pyridine, and the like, in the presence of a base such as LHMDS, KHMDS, LDA, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as THF, diethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (LIII), wherein AG1 is the corresponding activating group to the activating reagent. (For example, when the activating reagent is triflic anhydride, OAG¹ is triflate).

The compound of formula (LIII) is reacted with a suitably substituted boronic acid, a compound of formula (LIV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, or with a suitably substituted trialkyl tin, a compound of formula (LV), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, Pd(dppf)Cl₂, and the like, in the presence of a base such as K₃PO₄, TEA, DIPEA, and the like, in an organic solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, THF, DMF, toluene, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (II).

The following Examples are set forth to aid in the understanding of the invention, and are not intended and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

EXAMPLE 1 4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester Compound #38

A solution of vinyl triflate (70 mg, 0.1309 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (42 mg, 0.1946 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was degassed by bubbling Ar(g) through the solution for 15 minutes. To the degassed solution was then added 4-hydroxyphenyl boronic acid (20 mg, 0.1440 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (4 mg, 3.27×10⁻³ mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and purified by preparatory TLC using 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to elute, to yield the title compound as a foam.

MS (M+1) 478.1

EXAMPLE 2 4-(4-Hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-phenol Compound #25

4-benzyloxy iodobenzene (193 g, 0.625 mol), ethynyl-trimethyl-silane (75 g, 0.76 mol), CuI (2 g, 10.5 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (1 g, 1.0 mmol) were added to diethylamine (880 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 25° C. and then stirred for 6 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and partitioned in H₂O/ethyl acetate (100 mL/100 mL). The reaction mixture was further extracted with ethyl acetate (300 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed by water (300 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in methanol (400 mL) and was stirred with KOH (28 g, 0.5 mol) for 1 h at 25° C. Concentration and purification by silica gel column chromatograph (5% ethyl acetate/Hexane) yielded 4-benzyloxy phenyl acetylene as liquid.

To a suspended solution of NaI (70 g, 0.46 mol) and 4-benzyloxy phenyl acetylene (40 g, 0.0956 mol) was added H₂O (26 mL). The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. TMSCI (60 mL, 0.475 mol) was added slowly to maintain the temperature at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for another 3 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL), followed by dilution with ethyl acetate (600 mL). The combined organic layers were washed by NaHCO₃ solution, dried over Na₂SO₄, and purification on SiO₂ (2% ˜5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 1-benzyloxy-4-(1-iodo-vinyl)-benzene.

1-benzyloxy-4-(1-iodo-vinyl)-benzene (12.0 g, 0.035 mol), vinyl tributyl tin (16.0 mL, 0.056 mol) and PdCl₂(CH₃CN)₂ (150 mg, 0.0579 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (300 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h, then partitioned between ethyl acetate (800 mL) and H₂O (400 mL). The organic layer was washed by brine, concentrated and purified on SiO₂ (15% ethyl acetate/Hexane) to yield 1-benzyloxy-4-(1-methylene-allyl)-benzene.

MS (m/z): 237 (MH⁺), 235 (MH⁻).

1-benzyloxy-4-(1-methylene-allyl)-benzene (0.40 g, 1.694 mmol) and 2-methyl-propenal (0.355 mL) in DCM (10 mL) was cooled to −10° C. BF₃.OCH₂CH₃ (0.322 mL, 1.778 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 3 h. The mixture was then quenched by aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ solution. After extraction with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL), the reaction mixture was dried over MgSO₄ and purified on SiO₂ to yield 4-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-1-methyl-cyclohex-3-ene carbaldehyde.

MS (m/z): 307 (MH⁺), 305 (MH⁻).

To a cooled solution of 4-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-1-methyl-cyclohex-3-ene carbaldehyde (0.41 g, 1.33 mmol) in THF (10.0 mL) was added to LAH (0.100 g, 2.70 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by methanol followed by aqueous HCl (1 N, 2 mL) until all of the black/brown precipitate was dissolved. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and purified by SiO₂ (50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield [4-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-1-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl]-methanol as a liquid.

MS (m/z): 309 (MH⁺), 307 (MH⁻)

To a solution of [4-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-1-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl]-methanol (102 mg, 0.331 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) at −78° C. was added BCl₃ (1.0 M in hexanes, 0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was then stirred at −78° C. for 3 h. The mixture was then quenched with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ (30 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and purified by SiO₂ (50˜70% ethyl acetate/Hexanes) to yield 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-phenol as a liquid.

MS (m/z): 219 (MH⁺), 217 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 3 and 4-{2-[4-(2-Dimethylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl]-4-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol Compound #27 and #3

1-benzyloxy-4-ethynyl-benzene (70 g, 0.3365 mol), Bu₃SnH (59 mL, 0.3365 mol) and Ph(PP₃)₂Cl₂ (120 mg, 0.1718 mmol) were stirred in THF (500 mL) at 25° C. for 16 h and then refluxed for 1 h. The resulting solution was concentrated and then purified on SiO₂ (2% ˜5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield tributyl-[1-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-stannane.

To a cooled solution of tributyl-[1-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-stannane (26.2 g, 52.6 mmol) in DMF (180 mL) at 0° C. was added CuCl (8.6 g, 87.7 mmol) and CuCl₂ (1.00 g, 8.13 mmol), which was then stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and washed with brine (3×300 mL). The reaction mixture was then dried over MgSO₄ and purified by SiO₂ (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 2,3-di(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-1,3-butadiene.

MS (m/z): 419 (MH⁺), 417 (MH⁻).

To a solution of 2,3-di(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-1,3-butadiene (1.2 g, 2.8 mmol) and 2-methyl-propenal (0.602 g, 8.4 mmol) in DCM (10.5 mL) was added BF₃.OCH₂CH₃ (0.596 mL, 4.2 mmol) at −10° C. After 3 h at −10° C., the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (10 mL). The reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (2 10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and purified by SiO₂ twice (15% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 1-methyl-3,4-di(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-ene carbaldehyde.

MS (m/z): 489 (MH⁺), 487 (MH⁻).

To a solution of 1-methyl-3,4-di(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-ene carbaldehyde (200 mg, 0.409 mmol) in MeOH (10.0 mL) at −10° C. was added NaBH₄ (100 mg, excess). The reaction mixture was stirred 30 min and then quenched with 51% HCl solution (5 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and purified on SiO₂ (50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield (1-methyl-3,4-di(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol.

MS (m/z): 491 (MH⁺), 489 (MH⁻)

To a solution of (1-methyl-3,4-di(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol (150 mg, 0.306 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) at −10° C. was added TiCl₄ (0.102 mL, 3.0 eq.) and the reaction mixture stirred at −10° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL and H₂O (10 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, and purified by SiO₂ (50˜100% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield a lower TLC spot of (1-methyl-3,4-di(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol.

MS (m/z): 311 (MH⁺), 309 (MH⁻).

To a solution of (1-methyl-3,4-di(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol (30 mg, 1 eq.) in DMF (1 mL) was added NaH (10 mg, 1 eq.), and the reaction mixture was then stirred for 2 h at 25° C. To the reaction mixture was then added (2-chloro-ethyl)-dimethyl-amine (12 mg, 1 eq) and the mixture stirred for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between H₂O/ethyl acetate (5 mL/5 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and purified HPLC (20% ˜80% CH₃CN/H₂O with 0.1% TFA) to yield 4-{2-[4-(2-dimethylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl]-4-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol.

MS (m/z): 382 (MH⁺), 380 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 4 4-[6-Ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl]-phenol and 4-[2-Ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-cyclohexyl]-phenol Compound #20 and #4

To 2-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol (30 g, 0.174 mol) in DMF (300 mL) was added TBSCI (26.01 g, 1.0 eq.) and imidazole (17.7 g, 1.5 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between H₂O (300 mL) and diethyl ether (600 mL). The organic layer was washed by brine (2×300 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and purified on SiO₂ (5% ˜30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-ethyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol.

To a solution of oxalyl chloride in DCM (400 mL) at −78° C. was added DMSO (15.6 mL, 3.0 eq.) and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. To the mixture was then added 4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-ethyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol (21.1 g, 73.7 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at −78° C. Et₃N (30.7 mL) was added at −78° C. and the mixture warmed to 25° C. over 2 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O (400 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and then concentrated to yield 2-ethyl-3-methyl-4-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanone.

MS (m/z): 285 (MH⁺), 283 (MH⁻).

1-Benzyloxy-4-iodo-benzene (5.70 g, 18.37 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (36 mL) at −10° C. Isopropyl magnesium chloride (1.0 M, 18.37 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. A solution of 2-ethyl-3-methyl-4-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanone (12.0 g in 50 mL THF) was added slowly over 30 min by syringe pump. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 25° C. and then refluxed for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 25° C., HCl (1.0 N, 80 mL) was added slowly, followed by addition of ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with H₂O (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and purified on SiO₂ (10˜15% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 1-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-2-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol.

MS (m/z): 469 (MH⁺), 467 (MH⁻)

To 1-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-2-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanol (7.8 g, 0.0166 mol) was added pTSA (1.8 g, 1 eq.) in DCM (100 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. DCM (200 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ (3×300 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and purified on SiO₂ (50% ethyl acetate/hexane) twice to yield [4-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-5-ethyl-6-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl]-methanol.

MS (m/z): 337 (MH⁺), 335 (MH⁻)

To the solution of [4-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-5-ethyl-6-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl]-methanol (3.1 g, 6.8 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added BH₃.S(CH₃)₂ solution (1.0 M in THF, 10.3 mL, 1.5 eq.) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h and then cooled to 0° C. NaOH (20% aqueous, 30 mL) and H₂O₂ (50% in H₂O, 21 mL) were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 0˜25° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate/H₂O (400 mL/200 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and purified on SiO₂ (50˜100% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 2-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-3-ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-cyclohexanol.

MS (m/z): 353 (MH⁺), 351 (MH⁻)

To the solution of 2-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-3-ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-cyclohexanol (2.31 g) in DMF (20 mL) was added imidazole (1.17 g, 1.5 eq.) and TBSCI (1.4 g, 1.5 eq.) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water/ether (200/300 mL). The organic layer was washed by brine (3×200) and purified SiO₂ (10% ethyl acetate/Hexane) to yield 2-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-5-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-3-ethyl-4-methyl-cyclohexanol.

MS (m/z): 469 (MH⁺), 467 (MH⁻)

To a solution of 2-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-5-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-3-ethyl-4-methyl-cyclohexanol in DCM (100 mL) was added NaHCO₃ (1.0 g) to make a suspension. Dess-Martin periodate (3.2 g, 1.0 eq.) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 h and was then filtered and purified on SiO₂ (20% Ethyl acetate/Hexane) to yield 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-5-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanone.

MS (m/z): 467 (MH⁺), 465 (MH⁻)

To a solution of 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-5-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanone (1.8 g, 3.8 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −10° C. was added Grinard reagent (1.0 M, 7.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h and then refluxed for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled and diluted with aqueous saturated NH₄Cl (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and purified on SiO₂ (100% ethyl acetate) to yield crude product 3-ethyl-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-5-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanol. NMR showed S:R product ratio or 2:1. Further purification provide pure 3-ethyl-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-5-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanol.

MS (m/z): 575 (MH⁺), 573 (MH⁻)

To a solution of 3-ethyl-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-5-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanol (400 mg) in CHCl₃ (8.0 mL) was added pTSA (400 mg) and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₃Cl (50 mL) and was washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ (10 mL). The organic layer was dried and purified on SiO₂ (50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield a mixture of 4-[6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl]-phenol and 4-[6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-cyclohex-2-enyl]-phenol as a very close two spots as determined by TLC.

MS (m/z): 443 (MH⁺), 441 (MH⁻).

To the above mixture of 4-[6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl]-phenol and 4-[6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-cyclohex-2-enyl]-phenol (380 mg) in DCM (10 mL) at −10° C. was added TiCl₄ (0.180 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 3 h at −10° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate/H₂O (200/100 mL). The organic layer was dried and purified on SiO₂ to yield two products 4-[6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-cyclohex-1-enyl]-phenol and 4-[2-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-cyclohexyl]-phenol.

MS (m/z): 353 (MH⁺), 351 (MH⁻)

EXAMPLE 5 4-{6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol Compound #75

To iodide (66 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at −78 C was added nBuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 0.080 mL, 0.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred for 10 min. To the reaction mixture was then added dropwise, TBS (3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-5-trimethylsilanyloxymethyl-cyclohexanone) in THF (1 mL). The reaction mixture was then quenched with aqueous saturated NH₄Cl (2 mL) and diluted with diethyl ether (5 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine twice, dried and concentrated to yield crude 2-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-3-ethyl-4-methyl-1-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-5-trimethylsilanyloxy methyl-cyclohexanol which was used without further purification.

MS (m/z): 672 (MH⁺), 670 (MH⁻)

To a solution of 2-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-3-ethyl-4-methyl-1-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-5-trimethylsilanyloxy methyl-cyclohexanol in DCM (1 mL) was added TiCl₄ (0.033 mL, 3 eq.) and the mixture stirred until reaction was done. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL), and washed with 5% NaHCO₃ aqueous solution, then brine. The crude product s was purified on HPLC to yield 4-{6-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol.

MS (m/z): 450 (MH⁺), 448 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 6 [6-Hydroxymethyl-3,4-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-enyl]-methanol Compound #26

Step 1:

To the solution of 4-methoxy-phenyl-acetylene (10 g, 0.075 mol) and 4-iodo-anisole (17.65 g, 1.0 eq.) in diethylamine (150 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (2.65 g, 0.05 eq.) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. To the reaction mixture was then added CuI (1.43 g, 0.1 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at 6 h at 0˜25° C. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate/H₂O (200/600 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried and purified on SiO₂ (1˜5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 1,2-di(4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetylene.

Step 2:

Sodium hydride (1.53 g, 2.2 eq.) was added to DMSO (150 mL) and then heated to 75° C. till the solution became clear. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. 1,2-di(4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetylene. (7.0 g, 1 eq.) was then added and the reaction mixture was then heated to 90° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into crushed ice and extracted by diethyl ether (500 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried and purified on SiO₂ to yield 2,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butadiene as 80% pure by NMR.

MS (m/z): 267 (MH⁺), 265 (MH⁻).

Step 3:

To the solution of 2,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butadiene (2.1 g) in toluene (30 mL) was added maleic anhydride (3.8 g, 5.0 eq.) and the reaction mixture refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and was washed with water (3×200 mL). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to yield 5,6-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-isobenzofuran-1,3-dione.

MS (m/z): 365 (MH⁺), 363 (MH⁻).

Step 4:

To the cooled solution of 5,6-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-isobenzofuran-1,3-dione (2.95 g) in THF (30 mL) at 0° C. was added LAH (1.0 M in THF, 20 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16. The reaction mixture was then quenched with methanol (20 mL) and aqueous HCl (10%, 30 mL) and then extracted with diethyl ether (2×300 mL). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to yield [6-Hydroxymethyl-3,4-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclohex-3-enyl]-methanol.

MS (m/z): 355 (MH⁺), 353 (MH⁻)

EXAMPLE 7 5,6-Diphenyl-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-inden-1-one Compound #67

A mixture of 2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (2.772 g, 13.44 mmol) and cyclopent-2-enone (1 eq.) was refluxed in toluene (26 mL) for 48 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and purified on SiO₂ (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 5,6-diphenyl-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-inden-1-one.

MS (m/z): 289 (MH⁺), 287 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 8 5,6-Bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-1S-ol and 5,6-Bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-1R-ol Compound #61 and #57

To a solution of 5,6-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-inden-1-one (50.0 mg, 0.143 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) at −10° C. was added LAH (36 mg, 0.91 mml) and the reaction mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched with methanol (2 mL) and aqueous HCl (1 N, 2 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried and purified on SiO₂ to yield a mixture of 5,6-Bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-1S-ol and 5,6-Bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-1R-ol.

MS (m/z): 351 (MH⁺), 349 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 9 6,7-Diphenyl-3,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one Compound #56

A mixture of 2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (2.772 g, 13.44 mmol) and cyclohex-2-enone (1 eq.) was refluxed in toluene (26 mL) for 48 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and purified on SiO₂ (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 6,7-diphenyl-3,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one

MS (m/z): 303 (MH⁺), 301 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 10 6-Hydroxymethyl-3,4-diphenyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol Compound #34

(6-Hydroxymethyl-3,4-diphenyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6 (step 3) above, with substitution of 2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene for the 2,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butadiene.

MS (m/z): 295 (MH⁺), 293 (MH⁻)

To the cooled solution of 6-Hydroxymethyl-3,4-diphenyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol (100 mg, 0340 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL) at −78° C., was added nBuLi (2.5 M, 0.136 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 10 min. To the reaction mixture was added TsCl (77 mg, 1.2 eq.) and the mixture stirred at −10° C. to 25° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried and purified on SiO₂ (10˜50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 6-hydroxymethyl-3,4-diphenyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol.

MS (m/z): 449 (MH⁺), 447 (MH⁻)

To a solution of 6-hydroxymethyl-3,4-diphenyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol (89 mg, 0.189 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LAH (1.0 M in THF, 5 mL) at −10° C. (ice/acetone) and the reaction mixture stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by MeOH (10 mL) and then stirred for 10 min. To the reaction mixture was then added aqueous HCl (10%, 10 mL). The reaction mixture was then extracted with diethyl ether (300 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried and purified to yield 6-hydroxymethyl-3,4-diphenyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-methanol and 5,6-diphenyl-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-isobenzofuran as a by product.

MS (m/z): 277 (MH⁺), 275 (MH⁻).

EXAMPLE 11 4-{4-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl}-S-phenol Compound #74

Step 1:

To the solution of KOtBu (1.0 M in tBuOH, 10.7 mL) at 25 cC was added Hagemann's ester (1.0 mL, 5.324 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 10 min at 25° C. and then to the mixture was added 1-[2-(4-chloromethyl-phenoxy)ethyl]piperidine hydrochloride (1.54 g, 5.324 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The tBuOH was distilled off, then the reaction mixture was diluted with water and diethyl ether. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic extracts were acidified with 1 N HCl (100 mL). The layers were separated and the diethyl ether layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was then basicified to pH 11 with 10% NaOH (aq) and extracted with diethyl ether to yield 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-2-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester as dark amber oil.

MS (m/z): 400 (MH⁺).

Step 2:

A solution of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-2-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (612.0 mg, 1.534 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was reacted with 10% Pd/C (25 mg) under H₂ (g) (25 psi) for 21 h at 25° C. The reaction mixture was then filtered and concentrated to yield 4-ethylperoxymethyl-3-methyl-2-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cycloxe-2-enone.

MS (m/z): 402 (MH⁺).

Step 3:

To a solution of KHMDS (0.5 M in toluene), 5.9 mL) in THF (20 mL) at −78° C. was added 4-ethylperoxymethyl-3-methyl-2-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cycloxe-2-enone (0.985 mg, 2.453 mmol) in THF (3 mL) and the reaction mixture stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. To the reaction mixture was then added 2-[N,N-bis(trifluoro-methyl-sulfonyl)amino]-5-chloropyridine in THF (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched with water, extracted with Et₂O, dried and purified on silica gel (2% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) followed by a preparative TLC (5% MeOH/DCM) to yield 6-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-4-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester as white foam solid.

MS (m/z): 534 (MH⁺).

Step 4:

Into a mixture of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4-ethylperoxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl ester (118.5 mg, 0.2219 mmol), Pd (PPh₃)₄ (6.4 mg, 0.025 eq.) and K₃PO₄ (70.7 mg, 1.5 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was bubbled N₂ for 10 min. To the reaction mixture was then added 4-methoxy benzene boronic acid (37.1 mg, 0.2441 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 8° C. for 16 h, filtered through a plug of silica gel, concentrated and purified on preparative TLC (10% MeOH/DCM) to yield 4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-6-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester as light yellow oil.

MS (m/z): 492 (MH⁺).

4-{4-Ethylperoxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl}-phenol was similarly prepared according to the procedure described above with substitution of 4-hydroxy benzene boronic acid for the 4-methoxy benzene boronic acid in Step 4.

MS (m/z): 478 (MH⁺).

1-(2-{4-[3-Ethylperoxymethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-methyl-cyclohexa-1,5-dienylmethyl]-phenoxy}-ethyl)-piperidine was similarly prepared according to the procedure described above with substitution of 4-fluorobenzene boronic acid for the 4-methoxy benzene boronic acid in Step 4.

MS (m/z): 480 (MH⁺).

5-(4-{4-Ethylperoxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl}-phenyl)-1H-indole was similarly prepared according to the procedure described above with substitution of 5-indolyl boronic acid for the 4-methoxy benzene boronic acid in Step 4.

MS (m/z): 501 (MH⁺).

Step 5:

4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-6-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (38.4 mg, 0.0803 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (2 mL) at 0° C. was added DIBAL (1.5 M in toluene, 0.215 mL) and was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min, then at 25° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched at 0° C. with brine, extracted with DCM, dried over MgSO₄, then purified on SiO₂ (15% MeOH/DCM) to yield 4-[4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-3-enyl]-phenol as yellowish foam.

MS (m/z): 436 (MH⁺).

EXAMPLE 12 Estrogen Receptor α Flash Plate Assay

This assay monitors binding of radio-labeled estrogen to the estrogen receptor. It is performed on a BioMek 2000 (Beckman). Plates are read in a scintillation counter (Packard TopCount), with decreased counts an indication of binding of a compound to the receptor. The assay was run according to the procedure described by Allan, et al., Anal. Biochem. (1999), 275(2), 243-247.

On day one, 100 μL of Estrogen Screening Buffer (ESB, Panvera) containing 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT, Panvera), 0.5 μg mouse anti-estrogen receptor monoclonal antibody (SRA-1010, Stressgen) and 50 ng purified human estrogen receptor α (Panvera) were added to each well of a 96 well FlashPlate Plus plate crosslinked with goat anti-mouse antibodies (NEN Life Sciences). The plate was sealed and incubated at 4° C. overnight.

On day two, each well was washed three times with 200 μL PBS, pH 7.2, at room temperature. To each well was then added 98 μL radio-labeled estrogen (0.5 nM, which equals 6 nCi for a 120 Ci/mmol batch, Amersham), diluted in ESB and 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). To individual wells were then added 2.5 μL test compound diluted in 30% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide/50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. The wells were mixed three times by aspiration, the plate sealed and incubated at room temperature for one hour. The wells were then counted for 1 min in a TopCount scintillation counter (Packard).

EXAMPLE 13 Estrogen Receptor β Fluorescence Polarization Assay

This assay monitors binding of a fluorescent analog of estrogen (Fluormone ES2, Panvera) to the estrogen receptor. Plates are read in a fluorometer that can be set to polarization mode. A decrease in fluorescence relative to vehicle control is an indication of binding of a compound to the receptor.

It is crucial to avoid introduction of air bubbles into the reaction in each well of the 96 well plate throughout this procedure. (Bubbles on the surface of the reaction disrupt light flow, affecting the polarization reading.) However, it is also crucial to effectively mix the reaction components upon addition to the well.

On ice, a 2× standard mixture of Assay Buffer (Panvera), 10 nM DTT and 40 nM ES2 was prepared. On ice, a 2× reaction mixture of Assay Buffer (Panvera), and 20 nM hER-β (Panvera) and 40 nM ES2 was also prepared.

Dilutions of test compound were prepared in 30% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide/50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. At this point, the dilutions were 40× the final required concentration.

The standard mixture at 50 μL was then added to each well. The reaction mixture at 48 μL was added to all wells. The compound dilution at 2.5 μL was added to the appropriate wells. The reaction mixtures were mixed using a manual pipette, a roll of aluminum foil adhesive cover was placed on the plate and the plate incubated at room temperature for 1 hour.

Each well on the plate was then read in an LjL Analyst with an excitation wavelength of 265 nm and an emission wavelength of 538.

Representative compound of the present invention were tested according to the procedure described above for binding to the Estrogen Receptor α and Estrogen Receptor β, with results as listed in Table 6. TABLE 6 ERα Binding ERβ Binding ID No. IC₅₀ (μM) IC₅₀ (μM) 3 6.1 5.7 4 >10 1.6 18 >10 <10 20 1.85 0.10 25 0.45 0.35 26 >10 >10 27 0.5 1.5 36 >10 6.9 38 0.037, 0.01 0.9, 0.5 39 >10 >10 43 0.045 >10, 8 45 4.5 >10 46 0.2 0.74 52 >10 5.7 57 >10 4.9 61 8.7 2.0 74 0.37 0.38

EXAMPLE 14 MCF-7 Cell Proliferation Assay

This assay was run according to the procedure described by Welshons, et al., (Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 1987, 10(2), 169-75), with minor modification.

Briefly, MCF-7 cells (from Dr. C. Jordan, Northwestern University) were maintained in RPMI 1640 phenol red free medium (Gibco) in 10% FBS (Hyclone), supplemented with bovine insulin and non-essential amino acid (Sigma). The cells were initially treated with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (10⁻⁸ M) and let stand at 37° C. for 24 hours. Following this incubation with tamoxifen, the cells were treated with compounds at various concentrations.

Compounds to be tested in the agonist mode were added to the culture media at varying concentrations. Compounds to be treated in the antagonist mode were prepared similarly, and 10 nM 17β-estradiol was also added to the culture media. The cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. Following this incubation, 0.1 μCi of ¹⁴C-thymidine (56 mCi/mmol, Amersham) was added to the culture media and the cells were incubated for an additional 24 hours at 37° C. The cells were then washed twice with Hank's buffered salt solution (HBSS) (Gibco) and counted with a scintillation counter. The increase in the ¹⁴C-thymidine in the compound treated cells relative to the vehicle control cells were reported as percent increase in cell proliferation.

EXAMPLE 15 Alkaline Phosphatase Assay in Human Endometrial Ishikawa Cells

This assay was run according to the procedure described by Albert et al., Cancer Res, (9910), 50(11), 330-6-10, with minor modification.

Ishikawa cells (from ATCC) were maintained in DMEM/F12 (1:1) phenol red free medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% calf serum (Hyclone). 24 hours prior to testing, the medium was changed to DMEM/F12 (1:1) phenol red free containing 2% calf serum.

Compounds to be tested in the agonist mode were added to the culture media at varying concentrations. Compounds to be treated in the antagonist mode were prepared similarly, and 10 nM 17β-estradiol was also added to the culture media. The cells were then incubated at 37° C. for 3 days. On the fourth day, the media was remove, 1 volume of 1× Dilution Buffer (Clontech) was added to the well followed by addition of 1 volume of Assay Buffer (Clontech). The cells were then incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. 1 volume of freshly prepared Chemiluminescence Buffer (1 volume of chemiluminescent substrate (CSPD) in 19 volume Chemiluminescent Enhancer with final concentration of CSPD at 1.25 mM; Sigma Chemical Co.) was added. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes and then quantified on a luminometer. The increase of chemiluminescence over vehicle control was used to calculate the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity.

Representative compound of the present invention were tested according to the procedure described in Examples 14 and 15 above, with results as listed in Table. 7. TABLE 7 MCF7 MCF7 Ishikawa Ishikawa Agonist Antagonist Agonist Antagonist ID No. EC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) EC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) 4 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 18 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 20 480 >10,000 700 4,500 25 200 >10,000 100 10,000 26 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 27 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 38 >10,000 5000 >10,000 2100 39 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 43 >10,000 5000 >10,000 2700 45 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 7000 46 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 52 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 56 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 61 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000

EXAMPLE 16

As a specific embodiment of an oral composition, 100 mg of the Compound #43, is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size 0 hard gel capsule.

While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood that the practice of the invention encompasses all of the usual variations, adaptations and/or modifications as come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents. 

1. A compound of the formula (I)

wherein

represents a single or a double bond; R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxy substituted alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy substituted alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonyl, heterocycloalkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl-alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl; R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, alkyl, hydroxy substituted alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy substituted alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonyl, heterocycloalkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonyl-alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl; alternatively R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a five to eight membered saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4; wherein R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkoxy; alternatively R^(C) and R^(D) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound to form an oxo group; alternatively still, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a heteroatom containing saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 3; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, aralkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy;

 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, aralkyl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy; provided that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and selected from the group consisting of phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one to two selected from alkoxy, then R¹ is other than hydroxy substituted lower alkyl or alkoxycarbonyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen or lower alkyl,

 is phenyl, then R¹ is selected from the group consisting of NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy-alkyl; provided further that when

is a single bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and are phenyl, then R¹ is other than lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl; provided further that when

is a single bond, R¹ is lower alkyl, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and

 is other than benzimidazolyl; provided further that when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form cyclohexyl or 3-hydroxyphenyl and

 is other than 4-(NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy)-phenyl, wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl or R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form piperidinyl; provided further than when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form

 then

 are not the same and phenyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a five membered saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein R^(C) is selected from hydroxy or alkoxy, then

 are other than phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one or more independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A compound as in claim 1 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl, phenyl-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl; R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or a five to six membered heterocycloalkyl group; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl, phenyl-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl, NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl; alternatively, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atom to which they are bound to form a saturated ring structure of the formula;

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4; R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkynyl and lower alkoxy; alternatively R^(C) and R^(D) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound to form an oxo group; alternatively still, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atom to which they are bound to form a heteroatom containing saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 2; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;

 is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy;

 is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound to the core structure through a carbon atom; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substitutents independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy; provided that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and selected from the group consisting of phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one to two selected from lower alkoxy, then R¹ is other than hydroxy substituted lower alkyl or lower alkoxy-carbonyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen or lower alkyl,

 is phenyl, then R¹ is selected from the group consisting of NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl; provided further that when

is a single bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and are phenyl, then R¹ is other than lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl or lower alkoxy-carbonyl; provided further that when

is a single bond, R¹ is lower alkyl, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and

 is other than benzimidazolyl; provided further that when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form cyclohexyl or 3-hydroxyphenyl and

 is other than 4-(NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy)-phenyl, wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl or R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form piperidinyl; provided further than when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form

 then

 are not the same and phenyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a five membered saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein R^(C) is selected from hydroxy or lower alkoxy, then

 are other phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl are one or more independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl, aralkyloxy or NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. A compound as in claim 2 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl; wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or a five to six membered heterocycloalkyl; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl-lower alkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;

 is selected from the group consisting of aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy and aralkyloxy;

 is selected from the group consisting of aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxy, lower alkoxy, aralkyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy; provided that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and selected from the group consisting of phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituent on the phenyl is selected from lower alkoxy, then R¹ is other than hydroxy substituted lower alkyl or lower alkoxy-carbonyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen or lower alkyl,

 is phenyl, then R¹ is selected from the group consisting of NR^(A)R^(B)-carbonyl and NR^(A)R^(B)-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl; provided further that when

is a single bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and are phenyl, then R¹ is other than lower alkyl, hydroxy substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl-carbonyl or lower alkoxy-carbonyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. A compound as in claim 3 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl. R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy-propyn-2-yl, 1-hydroxy-n-propyl, methoxymethyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylcarbonylmethyl, dimethylamino-ethoxy-methyl, morpholinyl-ethoxy-methyl, morpholinylcarbonyl and diethylaminocarbonyl; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carboxy, methyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxycarbonyl, methoxymethyl, methylcarbonylmethyl and dimethylamino-ethoxy-methyl; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and ethyl;

 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl and 4-benzyloxy-phenyl;

 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminoethoxy-phenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-benzyl-phenyl and 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-phenyl; provided that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 4-methoxyphenyl, then R¹ is other than hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy-n-propyl or methoxycarbonyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen or methyl,

 is phenyl, then R¹ is selected from the group consisting of dimethylamino-ethoxy-methyl, morpholinyl-ethoxy-methyl, morpholinylcarbonyl and diethylaminocarbonyl; provided further that when

is a single bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R² is hydrogen or methyl, R³ is hydrogen, and

 are the same and are phenyl, then R¹ is other than methyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy-n-propyl or methoxycarbonyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. A compound as in claim 2 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4; R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy and lower alkynyl; alternatively R^(C) and R^(D) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound to form an oxo group; alternatively, R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a heteroatom containing saturated ring structure of the formula

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 2; R³ is hydrogen;

 is aryl; wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from hydroxy or lower alkoxy;

 is aryl; wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from lower alkoxy; provided than when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form

 then

 are not the same and phenyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is lower alkyl, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form

 then

 is other than phenyl or substituted phenyl wherein the substituent selected from hydroxy or lower alkoxy and

 is other than phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein the substituent on the phenyl is lower alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. A compound as in claim 5 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; R¹ and R² are taken together with the atom to which they are bound to form a ring structure selected from the group consisting of 3-hydroxy-3-ethynyl-cyclopentyl, 3-hydroxy-cyclopentyl, 3-oxo-cyclopentyl, 3-hydroxy-cyclohexyl, 3-oxo-cyclohexyl, 3-oxo-cyclooctyl and dihydro-fur-4-yl; R³ is hydrogen;

 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl and 4-methoxyphenyl;

 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 4-methoxyphenyl; provided than when

is a single or double bond, R^(1a) is hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen and R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form

 then

 are not the same and phenyl; provided further that when

is a double bond, R^(1a) is methyl and R³ is hydrogen, then R¹ and R² are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring structure other than

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7-10. (canceled)
 11. A compound of formula (III)

wherein

represents a single or a double bond; X is selected from the group consisting of C(O) and CH₂; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(aralkyl)-Q-(alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B); Q is selected from the group consisting of O and S; R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. A compound as in claim 11 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; X is selected from the group consisting of C(O) and CH₂; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(benzyl)-Q-(lower alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B); Q is selected from the group consisting of O and S; R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or a five to six membered heterocycloalkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. A compound as in claim 12 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; X is C(O); R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of -(benzyl)-O-(lower alkyl)-NR^(A)R^(B) wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently selected from lower alkyl; alternatively R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together with the N atom to which they are bound to form a five to six membered heteroaryl or five to six membered heterocycloalkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. A compound as in claim 13 wherein

represents a single or a double bond; X is C(O); R⁴ is ethyl; R⁵ is methyl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of 4-(dimethylamino-ethoxy)-benzyl, 4-(morpholinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl, 4-(piperidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl and 4-(pyrrolidinyl-ethoxy)-benzyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A compound selected from the group consisting of 3-(4-benzyloxy-benzyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-cyclohex-2-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester; 4-{4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-cyclohex-1-enyl}-phenol; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of claim
 1. 17. A pharmaceutical composition made by mixing a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 18. A process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 19. A method of treating a disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor is selected from the group consisting of hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteopenia, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, loss of cognitive function, degenerative brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, cancer of the breast tissue, hyperplasia of the breast tissue, cancer of the endometrium, hyperplasia of the endometrium, cancer of the cervix, hyperplasia of the cervix, cancer of the prostate, hyperplasia of the prostate, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, osteoarthritis and contraception.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor is selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, breast cancer and endometriosis.
 22. A method of treating a disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim
 16. 23. A method of contraception comprising co-therapy with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as in claim 1 and a progestogen or a progestogen antagonist. 24-31. (canceled)
 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of claim
 11. 33. A pharmaceutical composition made by mixing a compound of claim 11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 34. A process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing a compound of claim 11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 35. A method of treating a disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 11. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor is selected from the group consisting of hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteopenia, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, loss of cognitive function, degenerative brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, cancer of the breast tissue, hyperplasia of the breast tissue, cancer of the endometrium, hyperplasia of the endometrium, cancer of the cervix, hyperplasia of the cervix, cancer of the prostate, hyperplasia of the prostate, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, osteoarthritis and contraception.
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor is selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, breast cancer and endometriosis.
 38. A method of treating a disorder mediated by an estrogen receptor in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim
 32. 39. A method of contraception comprising co-therapy with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as in claim 11 and a progestogen or a progestogen antagonist. 